Ray Douglas Bradbury (US: /ˈbrædˌbɛri/ BRAD-berr-ee; 22 August 1920 – 5 June 2012) was an American author and screenwriter. He was one of the most well-known American writers of the 20th century. He wrote in many types of stories, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery, and realistic fiction.

Bradbury is best known for his novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and his collections of short stories, The Martian Chronicles (1950), The Illustrated Man (1951), and The October Country (1955). Other important works include the coming-of-age novel Dandelion Wine (1957), the dark fantasy Something Wicked This Way Comes (1962), and the fictionalized memoir Green Shadows, White Whale (1992). He also wrote and helped create screenplays and television scripts, including Moby Dick and It Came from Outer Space. Many of his works were turned into television shows, movies, and comic books. Bradbury also wrote poetry, which has been published in several collections, such as They Have Not Seen the Stars (2001).

The New York Times described Bradbury as "an author whose creative imagination, beautiful writing, and deep knowledge of human character have earned him an international reputation" and "the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the mainstream of literature."

Early life

Ray Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920, in Waukegan, Illinois. His mother was Esther Bradbury, a Swedish immigrant, and his father was Leonard Bradbury, a power and telephone lineman of English heritage. He was given the middle name "Douglas" after actor Douglas Fairbanks.

During his early childhood and teenage years in Waukegan, Bradbury lived with many relatives. His grandparents lived nearby, and an aunt read him short stories. These experiences helped shape his life and influenced his writing. In his books, the real town of Waukegan from the 1920s is often shown as a fictional place called Green Town, Illinois.

The Bradbury family moved to Tucson, Arizona, in 1926–1927 and again in 1932–1933 while their father looked for work. They returned to Waukegan each time. In Tucson, Bradbury attended Amphi Junior High School and Roskruge Junior High School. In 1934, when Bradbury was 14, his family moved to Los Angeles with only $40 (equivalent to $963 in 2025). This money paid for rent and food until his father found a job at a cable company, earning $14 a week (equivalent to $337 in 2025).

In Los Angeles, Bradbury attended Los Angeles High School and joined the drama club. He often roller-skated through Hollywood, hoping to meet famous people. He met creative individuals like Ray Harryhausen, a special-effects pioneer, and George Burns, a radio star. At age 14, Bradbury earned his first writing money by selling a joke to George Burns for use on the Burns and Allen radio show.

Bradbury was deeply interested in carnivals from a young age, and they appear in stories like The Illustrated Man and Something Wicked This Way Comes. He once described an important experience from his childhood:

"I think the most important memory is of Mr. Electrico. In 1932, when I was 12, he came to my hometown with the Dill Brothers. He sat in an electric chair, and a stagehand turned on a switch, sending 50,000 volts of electricity through him. Lightning flashed in his eyes, and his hair stood on end. I watched from the front row as he touched me with a flaming sword full of electricity and said, 'Live, forever!' I was so moved that I cried when I left the carnival. I felt something important had happened to me. I went home and began writing. I have never stopped."

Influences

Ray Bradbury loved reading and writing from a young age. He knew early in life that he wanted to work in one of the arts. At 12 years old, he began writing his own stories, sometimes using butcher paper to write on.

He spent a lot of time at the Carnegie Library in Waukegan, where he read books by authors like H.G. Wells, Jules Verne, and Edgar Allan Poe. At 12, he started writing scary stories and tried to copy Poe’s style until he was about 18. His favorite writers growing up were Katherine Anne Porter, Edith Wharton, and Jessamyn West. He also enjoyed the work of Edgar Rice Burroughs, especially the John Carter of Mars series. At 12, he wrote a sequel to The Warlord of Mars after being inspired by the book. Bradbury was also a cartoonist and drew pictures of Tarzan and created his own Sunday comic panels. He listened to the radio show Chandu the Magician and wrote down the entire script from memory each night after the show ended.

As a teenager in Beverly Hills, he often visited his mentor and friend, science-fiction writer Bob Olsen, to share ideas. In 1936, he found a handbill at a secondhand bookstore in Hollywood advertising meetings of the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society. Excited to meet others who shared his interests, he joined a Thursday-night meeting at age 16.

Bradbury said H.G. Wells and Jules Verne were his main science-fiction influences. He admired Verne for believing that humans can succeed by acting morally. He stopped reading science-fiction books in his 20s and expanded his reading to include works by poets like Alexander Pope and John Donne. After high school, he met Robert A. Heinlein, who was 31 at the time. Heinlein’s humanistic science-fiction stories encouraged Bradbury to focus on being human rather than mechanical. During his early adulthood, Bradbury read stories from Astounding Science Fiction and works by Heinlein, Arthur C. Clarke, Theodore Sturgeon, and A. E. van Vogt.

As a child, Bradbury collected comic books about Tarzan and Buck Rogers, but he was teased at school for this. Later, as a teenager, he became interested in Superman, saying he saw himself in Superman’s reporter outfit and his bravery.

Bradbury’s family lived near the Fox Uptown Theatre in Los Angeles, which was a major movie theater for MGM and Fox. He learned how to sneak into the theater and watched previews almost every week. He roller-skated to the theater and around town, determined to get autographs from famous movie stars. He saw stars like Norma Shearer, Laurel and Hardy, and Ronald Colman. He often waited outside Paramount Pictures or Columbia Pictures all day and then skated to the Brown Derby restaurant to watch stars like Cary Grant, Marlene Dietrich, and Mae West, who visited the restaurant every Friday night with a bodyguard.

Career

Ray Bradbury was allowed to begin his writing career because he was not accepted into the military during World War II due to his poor eyesight. He was inspired by science-fiction characters like Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and started writing science-fiction stories for fanzines in 1938. He was invited by Forrest J. Ackerman to join the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society, which met at Clifton's Cafeteria in downtown Los Angeles. There, he met writers such as Robert A. Heinlein, Emil Petaja, Fredric Brown, Henry Kuttner, Leigh Brackett, and Jack Williamson. His first published story, "Hollerbochen's Dilemma," appeared in the January 1938 issue of Ackerman's fanzine Imagination!. In July 1939, Ackerman and his girlfriend Morojo gave 19-year-old Bradbury money to travel to New York for the First World Science Fiction Convention and helped fund his fanzine, Futuria Fantasia. Bradbury wrote most of the four issues of Futuria Fantasia, which had limited print runs because of high publishing costs. Between 1940 and 1947, he contributed to Rob Wagner's film magazine, Script.

In 1939, Bradbury joined Laraine Day's Wilshire Players Guild, where he wrote and performed in plays for two years. He later said the plays were "so incredibly bad" that he stopped writing plays for two decades. His first paid story, "Pendulum," co-written with Henry Hasse, was published in the pulp magazine Super Science Stories in November 1941, earning him $15.

Bradbury sold his first solo story, "The Lake," for $13.75 at age 22 and became a full-time writer by age 24. His first collection of short stories, Dark Carnival, was published in 1947 by Arkham House, a small press in Sauk City, Wisconsin, owned by August Derleth. A review in the New York Herald Tribune by Will Cuppy praised Bradbury's work and predicted he would become as skilled as British writer John Collier.

After being rejected by the pulp magazine Weird Tales, Bradbury submitted "Homecoming" to Mademoiselle, where it was discovered by a young editorial assistant named Truman Capote. Capote selected the story from a pile of unsolicited submissions, leading to its publication. "Homecoming" was included in the O. Henry Award Stories of 1947.

Bradbury first published The Fireman, a 25,000-word short story, in Galaxy Science Fiction in February 1951. He was asked to expand it by 25,000 words to turn it into a novel. He named the book Fahrenheit 451 after learning from a Los Angeles fire chief that paper burns at 451°F. Bradbury wrote the classic story Fahrenheit 451, which was about 50,000 words long, in UCLA's Powell Library. He used a study room with rented typewriters, paying $9.80 in rental fees. The story was also published in serial form in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of Playboy Magazine. Fahrenheit 451 remains widely discussed in conversations about censorship and dystopian societies.

A chance meeting with British writer Christopher Isherwood in a Los Angeles bookstore allowed Bradbury to share The Martian Chronicles with a respected critic. Isherwood wrote a positive review of the book.

Writing

Ray Bradbury said his habit of writing every day began because of two events. The first happened when he was three years old. His mother took him to see Lon Chaney in the 1923 silent film The Hunchback of Notre Dame. The second event occurred in 1932, when a carnival entertainer named Mr. Electrico gave him an electrified sword and said, "Live forever!" Bradbury said this moment made him feel something special had happened. He said Mr. Electrico gave him a future, and he began writing full-time. He has written every day of his life since that day 69 years ago. At that age, Bradbury also started doing magic, which was his first big interest. He said if he hadn’t found writing, he might have become a magician.

Bradbury said many writers influenced him. He mentioned discussing ideas with writers like Robert Frost, William Shakespeare, John Steinbeck, Aldous Huxley, and Thomas Wolfe. From Steinbeck, he learned how to write fairly and include deep ideas without adding too much extra. He studied Eudora Welty for her special skill at showing atmosphere, character, and movement in one sentence.

Bradbury was once called a "Midwest surrealist" and is often labeled a science-fiction writer. He disagreed with this label, saying science fiction is "the art of the possible." He said, "I don’t write science fiction. I only did one science-fiction book, Fahrenheit 451, which is based on real life. Science fiction shows the real world. Fantasy shows the unreal. Martian Chronicles is not science fiction—it’s fantasy. It couldn’t happen, which is why it will last a long time, like a Greek myth."

Bradbury said he became a writer after writing a short story about his first experience with death. As a boy, he met a young girl at a lake. She went into the water and never returned. Years later, when he wrote about this in "The Lake," he cried. He realized he had moved from copying writers he admired to finding his own voice.

When asked about the poetic style of his writing, Bradbury said it came from reading poetry every day. He said his favorite writers were those who expressed ideas well. He added, "If you’re reluctant to weep, you won’t live a full and complete life."

In high school, Bradbury joined the poetry and drama clubs. He planned to become an actor but became serious about writing as he grew older. He graduated from Los Angeles High School, where he took poetry classes with Snow Longley Housh and short-story writing courses with Jeannet Johnson. His teachers recognized his talent and encouraged his writing, but he did not go to college. Instead, he sold newspapers near South Norton Avenue and Olympic Boulevard. He said, "Libraries raised me. I don’t believe in colleges and universities. I believe in libraries because most students don’t have money. When I graduated from high school, it was during the Depression, and we had no money. I couldn’t go to college, so I went to the library three days a week for 10 years. So I graduated from the library when I was 28 years old." He told The Paris Review, "You can’t learn to write in college. It’s a very bad place for writers because the teachers always think they know more than you do—and they don’t."

Bradbury said science was "incidental" to his writing. He said he was not interested in scientific progress but used science as a way to comment on society and tell stories with deeper meanings. He described his inspiration: "My stories come to me, and I write them down—everything that happens during the story. When I finish, the idea moves on."

Green Town is a made-up version of Waukegan, representing safety and home. It is the setting for many of Bradbury’s stories, including Dandelion Wine, Something Wicked This Way Comes, and Farewell Summer. In Green Town, Bradbury’s favorite uncle grows wings, traveling carnivals hide magical powers, and his grandparents host Charles Dickens. Green Town appears most clearly in Summer Morning, Summer Night, a collection of stories set entirely in the town. Bradbury returned to Green Town to reflect on the disappearing small-town life of the American heartland, which shaped his early life.

Cultural contributions

Ray Bradbury wrote many short essays about culture and the arts. These essays caught the attention of critics in these fields. He used his fiction to explore and criticize his culture and society. For example, he noticed that Fahrenheit 451 showed how media can make people feel alone.

When writing Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury believed he was describing a world that might develop in 40 to 50 years. However, he later saw a similar situation in Beverly Hills. He saw a woman holding a small radio connected to her ear. She was listening to music and stories while ignoring the people and dog around her. Her husband helped her walk but seemed uninvolved. Bradbury said this was not fiction.

Bradbury also said that Fahrenheit 451 criticized the rise of political correctness. In 1994, he stated that political correctness was a real problem because it limited free speech. He believed groups wanted to control how people think and what they say.

In a 1982 essay, Bradbury wrote, "People ask me to predict the future, when all I want to do is prevent it." This idea had been mentioned by other writers before him.

On May 24, 1956, Bradbury appeared on the quiz show You Bet Your Life, hosted by Groucho Marx. During the show, he briefly talked about his books, including his short story "The Veldt," which had been published earlier in The Saturday Evening Post under the title "The World the Children Made."

Bradbury worked as a consultant for the United States Pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair. He wrote the narration for The American Journey attraction there. He also helped create the original exhibit in Epcot’s Spaceship Earth at Walt Disney World. In the 1980s, he focused on detective fiction. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, he hosted The Ray Bradbury Theater, a TV series based on his short stories.

Bradbury supported public libraries and raised money to save libraries in California that faced budget cuts. He said, "Libraries raised me," and avoided colleges because he compared his own struggles during the Depression with students today. He had mixed feelings about technology. In 1985, he said, "I see nothing but good coming from computers." However, he resisted e-books, saying in 2010 that people had too many devices like cellphones and the internet. When Fahrenheit 451’s rights were renewed in 2011, Bradbury allowed it to be published as an e-book only if libraries could access it for free.

Several comic-book writers adapted Bradbury’s stories, especially those from EC Comics. At first, they copied his work without permission. After Bradbury sent a polite letter, the company agreed to pay him and create licensed adaptations. These comics included Tales from the Crypt, Weird Science, Weird Fantasy, Crime SuspenStories, and The Haunt of Fear.

Bradbury loved writing plays and left a strong theatrical legacy. He led the Pandemonium Theatre Company in Los Angeles and worked with the Fremont Centre Theatre in South Pasadena for five years.

Two documentaries focused on Bradbury’s work from the 1950s–1960s: Charles Beaumont: The Life of Twilight Zone’s Magic Man and The AckerMonster Chronicles!. These films discussed his relationships with other writers and his friend Forrest J. Ackerman.

A bookstore named Fahrenheit 451 Books in Laguna Beach, California, honored Bradbury in the 1970s and 1980s. He and his favorite illustrator, Joseph Mugnaini, attended the store’s expansion in the 1980s. The store closed in 1987, but another shop with the same name opened in Carlsbad, California, in 1990.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Bradbury advised the Los Angeles Student Film Institute. He also spoke at the Santa Barbara Writers Conference for over 30 years, starting in 1973. He inspired writers and shared advice throughout the conference’s history.

Personal life

Ray Bradbury lived in his parents' home until 1947, when he married Marguerite McClure. They stayed married until her death in 2003. Marguerite, known as Maggie, was the only woman he ever dated. Together, they had four daughters: Susan, Ramona, Bettina, and Alexandra. Bradbury never got a driver's license, but he used public transportation or rode his bicycle.

He was raised Baptist by his parents, who did not attend church often. As an adult, Bradbury described himself as someone who did not fit into one religion. He found inspiration from both Eastern and Western faiths. He believed his career as a writer was "a God-given thing" and said he was "so grateful" for it. He once described his work as "At play in the fields of the Lord."

Bradbury was friends with Charles Addams, a cartoonist. Addams illustrated Bradbury's 1946 story "Homecoming," which was the first in a series about the Elliotts, a family similar to Addams's famous Addams Family. They planned to write a larger story about the Elliotts together, but it never happened. In 2001, Bradbury published all his Elliotts stories in a book called From the Dust Returned, which included a cover based on Addams's original illustration.

Another close friend was Ray Harryhausen, a special-effects artist. Harryhausen was the best man at Bradbury's wedding. At a 2010 event honoring Harryhausen's 90th birthday, Bradbury said they met when they were both 18 at a friend's house. They shared a love for science fiction, movies like King Kong, and books like The Fountainhead. Their friendship lasted more than 70 years.

At a Hollywood event in the 1960s, Bradbury met Sergei Bondarchuk, a Soviet filmmaker. Bondarchuk recognized Bradbury in a long line of people and invited him to join his table. Many famous directors were confused about who Bradbury was and left the event.

Later in life, Bradbury stayed passionate about his work even after losing many friends to illness. He was close to Gene Roddenberry, the creator of Star Trek, for nearly 30 years. Roddenberry once asked Bradbury to write for Star Trek, but Bradbury refused, saying he could not adapt others' ideas well.

In 1999, Bradbury had a stroke that made him need a wheelchair for some time. He continued to speak at science-fiction events until 2009, when he retired. He kept writing, including an essay for The New Yorker about his inspiration for writing, which was published a week before his death.

Bradbury wanted to be buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park in Los Angeles, with a headstone that reads "Author of Fahrenheit 451." In 2015, it was reported that the house where Bradbury lived and wrote for 50 years was torn down. His home office was moved to the Ray Bradbury Center in Indianapolis.

Bradbury considered himself a political independent. He was raised as a Democrat but later voted Republican in most elections after 1968. He criticized some politicians, including Bill Clinton, whom he called a "shithead," and Barack Obama for ending NASA's space program. He believed the U.S. government had too much power and wanted less government involvement.

Bradbury died in Los Angeles on June 5, 2012, at age 91. His personal library was donated to the Waukegan Public Library, where he had many of his early reading experiences.

The Los Angeles Times said Bradbury could write vividly about imaginary worlds and make them feel real. His grandson said Bradbury's work influenced many artists, writers, and scientists. The Washington Post noted that Bradbury imagined technologies like ATMs and Bluetooth devices in Fahrenheit 451 and artificial intelligence in I Sing the Body Electric.

In 2012, President Barack Obama said Bradbury's stories shaped American culture and inspired people to use their imaginations for understanding and change. Many authors and filmmakers praised Bradbury for his influence on their work. Steven Spielberg called him "my muse for the better part of my sci-fi career," and Neil Gaiman said the world would be less rich without him.

Works

Ray Bradbury wrote over 27 novels and collections of stories, which included many of his 600 short stories. More than eight million copies of his books, published in over 36 languages, have been sold worldwide.

In 1949, Bradbury and his wife were expecting their first child. He traveled by Greyhound bus to New York and stayed in a room at the YMCA for 50 cents each night. He showed his short stories to twelve publishers, but none wanted them. Before leaving, Bradbury had dinner with an editor at Doubleday. When Bradbury said everyone wanted a novel and he did not have one, the editor, named Walter Bradbury, asked if the short stories could be combined into a longer book. The editor suggested the title The Martian Chronicles. Bradbury liked the idea and remembered writing notes in 1944 about a book set on Mars. That night, he stayed up all night at the YMCA and typed an outline. The next morning, he gave the outline to the Doubleday editor, who read it and gave Bradbury a check for $750. After returning to Los Angeles, Bradbury combined the short stories to create The Martian Chronicles.

A collection of stories and scenes titled Summer Morning, Summer Night was originally Bradbury’s first true novel. The central idea came from his observations of small-town life in the American heartland.

During the winter of 1955–1956, after discussing the book with his Doubleday editor, Bradbury delayed publishing a novel based on Green Town, the name he used for his hometown. Instead, he selected 17 stories and combined them with three other Green Town tales to create his 1957 book Dandelion Wine. Later, in 2006, Bradbury published the remaining part of the original novel and renamed it Farewell Summer. These two books show which stories and scenes Bradbury chose to keep when creating them from one work.

The most important of the remaining unpublished stories, scenes, and fragments were published in 2007 under the original title Summer Morning, Summer Night.

Adaptations to other media

From 1950 to 1954, 31 of Ray Bradbury’s stories were adapted by Al Feldstein for EC Comics. Seven of these adaptations were not credited in six stories, including "Kaleidoscope" and "Rocket Man," which were combined as "Home To Stay." Bradbury was paid for this work later. EC Comics also created an early version of "The Handler" called "A Strange Undertaking." Sixteen of these stories were later collected in paperbacks titled The Autumn People (1965) and Tomorrow Midnight (1966), published by Ballantine Books. Frank Frazetta illustrated the covers of both books. In the early 1950s, Bradbury’s stories were also adapted for television in shows like Tales of Tomorrow, Lights Out, Suspense, and Alfred Hitchcock Presents. A film version of "The Black Ferris," titled "The Merry-Go-Round," was praised by Variety and shown on Starlight Summer Theater in 1954 and NBC’s Sneak Preview in 1956. Some of Bradbury’s stories were also adapted for radio, including on Dimension X and X Minus One.

In 1953, producer William Alland brought Bradbury’s work to movie theaters with It Came from Outer Space, based on Bradbury’s screenplay "Atomic Monster." Later that year, The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953) included a scene inspired by Bradbury’s story "The Fog Horn." Ray Harryhausen, a close friend of Bradbury, created the stop-motion animation for the creature in that film. Bradbury later wrote a story titled "Tyrannosaurus Rex" about an animator who looked like Harryhausen. Over the next 50 years, more than 35 films, shorts, and TV movies were based on Bradbury’s stories or screenplays. In 1953, Bradbury worked with director John Huston on the screenplay for Moby Dick (1956), which starred Gregory Peck and Orson Welles. Bradbury later wrote a book titled Green Shadows, White Whale, which described the making of the film and his time in Ireland.

Bradbury’s short story "I Sing the Body Electric" was adapted for the 100th episode of The Twilight Zone, which aired on May 18, 1962. In 1964, Bradbury and director Charles Rome Smith founded the Pandemonium Theatre Company. Their first production, The World of Ray Bradbury, included adaptations of "The Pedestrian," "The Veldt," and "To the Chicago Abyss." It ran for four months at the Coronet Theatre in Los Angeles and later had an off-Broadway showing. Another Pandemonium production in 1965 adapted "The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit," "The Day It Rained Forever," and "Device Out of Time" (from Dandelion Wine). The cast included actors like F. Murray Abraham and Anne Loos, and Charles Rome Smith directed again.

Oskar Werner and Julie Christie starred in Fahrenheit 451 (1966), a film adaptation of Bradbury’s novel directed by François Truffaut. In 1966, Bradbury helped create AVIAN, an aviation magazine, and wrote a poem titled "Planes That Land on Grass" for its first issue. In 1969, The Illustrated Man was adapted into a film starring Rod Steiger and Claire Bloom. The film received mixed reviews. That same year, Bradbury worked with composer Jerry Goldsmith to create a cantata titled Christus Apollo, which premiered in 1969 with Charlton Heston as the narrator.

In 1972, Something Wicked This Way Comes was adapted into a low-budget British film, and The Screaming Woman became an ABC Movie-of-the-Week starring Olivia de Havilland. In 1980, The Martian Chronicles was adapted into a three-part TV miniseries starring Rock Hudson, which Bradbury called "just boring." In 1982, The Electric Grandmother was a TV movie based on "I Sing the Body Electric." In 1983, Something Wicked This Way Comes was adapted into a film starring Jason Robards.

In 1984, Brigham Young University produced Bradbury 13, a radio series with 13 adaptations of Bradbury’s stories. The series won awards and was later released on CD. That year, Frost and Fire was adapted into a short film titled Quest. From 1985 to 1992, Bradbury hosted The Ray Bradbury Theater, a TV series where he adapted 65 of his stories. Each episode began with a scene of Bradbury in his office, looking at items that inspired his writing.

In the Soviet Union, Bradbury’s stories were adapted into six episodes of the TV series This Fantastic World. In 1984, a cartoon version of "There Will Come Soft Rains" was made by Uzbek director Nazim Tulyakhodzhayev. In 1987, he adapted "The Veldt" into a cartoon. In 1985, a film version of "I Sing the Body Electric" was made by Lithuanian director Algimantas Puipa. In 1989, "Here There Be Tygers" was adapted into a cartoon by Vladimir Samsonov. In 1993, a music video titled "Mona Lisa" included footage from This Fantastic World and was based on Bradbury’s story "The Smile."

In 1993, Bradbury wrote and narrated an animated version of The Halloween Tree, based on his 1972 novel. In 1998, The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit was released by Touchstone Pictures. It was based on Bradbury’s story "The Magic White Suit," which had also been adapted into a play, a musical, and a 1958 TV version. In 2002, Bradbury’s Pandemonium Theatre Company produced a live version of Fahrenheit 451 at Burbank’s Falcon Theatre.

Awards and honors

The Ray Bradbury Award for excellence in screenwriting was sometimes given by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. It was awarded to six people on four separate occasions between 1992 and 2009. In 2010, the award was renamed the Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation. It is now given every year following the rules of the Nebula Awards, though it is not considered a Nebula Award. The updated version of the Bradbury Award took the place of the Nebula Award for Best Script.