Négritude (from French “nègre” and “-itude,” meaning a condition related to “Blackness”) is a way of thinking and writing that focuses on the experiences and identity of Black people. It was developed by French-speaking intellectuals, writers, politicians, and artists from the African diaspora, especially during the 1930s. These individuals aimed to raise awareness and encourage a sense of pride in Black identity across Africa and the global Black community.
Los Contemporáneos, which means “The Contemporaries” in English, refers to a group of Mexican modernist writers active in the late 1920s and early 1930s. It also refers to the literary magazine they created, which was their main way of sharing their work from 1928 to 1931. In some ways, they opposed a literary movement called stridentism.
OBERIU (Russian: ОБЭРИУ – Объединение реального искусства; English: the Union of Real Art or the Association for Real Art) was an innovative group of Russian writers, musicians, and artists in the 1920s and 1930s. The group formed during a time when Soviet culture was becoming more controlled, and the experimental art scene in Leningrad was losing influence as groups with leftist ideas were pushed aside. OBERIU was started in 1927 by Daniil Kharms and Alexander Vvedensky.
Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that began in Europe after World War I. Artists in this movement wanted to show the hidden thoughts of the mind, often creating strange or dream-like scenes and ideas. According to leader André Breton, the goal was to combine the ideas of dreams and reality into a new kind of reality called “super-reality.” Surrealism included works in painting, writing, photography, theater, filmmaking, music, comedy, and other forms of media.
The Jindyworobak Movement was an Australian literary group active in the 1930s and 1940s. Most members were poets who wanted to help create a culture that was uniquely Australian by including Indigenous Australian themes, language, and myths. The group aimed to “free Australian art from outside influences that limited it” and to make art that reflected the Australian landscape and an understanding of Australia’s history, including its ancient, colonial, and modern periods.
The Scottish Renaissance (Scottish Gaelic: Ath-bheòthachadh na h-Alba; Scots: Scots Renaissance) was a literary movement from the early to mid-20th century. It is often seen as Scotland’s version of modernism. It is also called the Scottish literary renaissance, though its influence extended beyond literature to areas like music, visual arts, and politics.
The Harlem Renaissance was a time when African-American people created new music, art, and ideas in Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City. This movement happened during the 1920s and 1930s and was also called the “New Negro Movement.” This name came from a book called The New Negro, published in 1925 and edited by philosopher Alain Locke, who was known as the “Dean” of the Harlem Renaissance. The movement included new African-American cultural expressions in cities across the Northeastern and Midwestern United States.
Stridentism (Spanish: estridentismo) was an artistic and multidisciplinary movement that began in the city of Puebla in 1921. It was founded by Manuel Maples Arce and later grew stronger in Xalapa after the University of Veracruz supported the group. Stridentism had some similarities to other art movements like Cubism, Dadaism, Futurism, and Ultraism.
“Walls” (Hungarian: Falak) is a 1968 Hungarian drama film directed by András Kovács. The film participated in the 6th Moscow International Film Festival, where it received a Diploma.
Imaginism was a group of Russian poets active from 1918 to 1925 during the Silver Age. These poets believed the goal of creative writing was to form vivid images. They used metaphors, often linking parts of two different images to show comparisons.